꘏ Stoics ꘏
Philosophy • Theories & Doctrines
Ethics • Metaphysics • Historical Context
#CosmicWisdomGr • Articles
Stoicism seems to be a development of the ideas of the Cynics. The founder of this School was Antisthenes, a student of Socrates. He expressed in an extreme way the teachings of the great philosopher and formed the concept that the virtuous is the one who does not possess or need any material goods, thus resembling God, who "sees nothing".
Zeno, obviously influenced by the teaching of the Cynic philosophers about abstinence from material goods, placed in a more balanced position, teaches oligarchy, independence from the things of the world, freedom from passions and "living according to nature". ("admittedly he lives by nature, he lives by virtue of his identity").
But in order for man to be able to live according to nature, that is to say to live healthily**, he must first get to know her. And in order for one to know one's nature, a necessary condition is calmness and peace of the soul. This is where, according to the Stoics, the concept of Ethics is based.
The ideas of the Stoics did not remain unchanged throughout the active existence of the School. These varied according to the ideas and personality of each leader. Thus a great variety appears from time to time regarding their worldview. But what remained at its base unchanged from all Stoic teaching and until the end of Stoicism and which is of primary interest to us here, is the teaching on Ethics.
Because of these differences in general, Stoicism was divided into three periods: the ancient, the middle, and the newer Stoa.
• First period : Zeno of Citium, Chrysippus, Cleanthis, Ariston of Chios
• Second period : Zeno of Tarsus, Diogenes of Babylon, Antipetros of Tarsus, Boethus, Panaetius of Rhodes, Poseidonius.
• Third period [Rome] : Seneca, Musonius Rufus, Epictetus, Hierocles, Marcus Antoninus Aurelius.
According to the Stoics, human nature is part of universal nature, which is guided and governed by the universal law of Reason. Man, as a rational being, is related not only to other animals but also to the Gods and besides instinct he also has a moral sense.
The main goal of life is therefore to live according to one's nature, which for man, through his reasoning/rationality, pushes towards Virtue, so "living according to Nature" means "living according to Virtue".
According to Stoicism, man's duty is to bring himself into harmony with the Universe, which, as rational and good, conveys its qualities to him. By harming others for one's supposed self-interest, one is essentially undermining one's own nature.
The Stoic does not deny the world of mortal things, nor does he depend on it, he simply lives undisturbed in it while, in contrast to the withdrawal of auxiliaries, he participates in all aspects of social life (e.g. politics, family, etc.).
꘏ Philosophy ꘏
These three areas were considered integral to Stoic philosophy.
- Logic encompassing a wide subject including rhetoric, grammar, and the theories of perception and thought
- Physics included a wide range of topics, including ontology, cosmology, theology, psychology, and metaphysics
- Ethics being the end goal of achieving eudaimonia through the right way of living according to nature.
❈ Central to Stoicism is the call for a deep understanding and acceptance of the natural order of the universe. It beckons individuals to embrace the inherent principles governing existence, fostering a sense of harmony with the ebbs and flows of life. Acceptance becomes the cornerstone for living authentically.
❈ A pivotal Stoic teaching lies in the ability to discern between what one can control—opinions, actions, virtues—and what lies beyond control—external events and circumstances. This dichotomy serves as a guide, directing energy towards elements within personal influence.
❈ Stoicism goes beyond endurance; it encourages the embracement of challenges as opportunities for personal growth. Adversity becomes the crucible in which character is tested and strengthened, and resilience evolves into a virtue in itself.
❈ Living in the present moment is foundational to Stoic philosophy. The past is acknowledged as beyond influence, and the future is accepted as uncertain. Mindfulness becomes the tool through which individuals focus on the task at hand, finding acceptance in the unfolding reality.
❈ Stoicism advocates for the practical application of reason in understanding the world and making decisions. Rationality becomes the guiding light, enabling individuals to navigate situations with objectivity and a measured perspective, effectively managing emotions.
❈ Central to Stoic tranquility is the ability to maintain equanimity regardless of experiencing pleasure or pain, success or failure. Emotional detachment from external outcomes becomes the gateway to inner peace and stability.
❈ Extending the pursuit of virtue beyond the individual, Stoicism emphasizes fairness, kindness, and cooperation in social relationships. Engaging in the well-being of others is seen as a tangible manifestation of virtue, acknowledging the interconnected tapestry of human existence.
In essence, Stoicism transcends theoretical musings; it is a practical guide to virtuous living. As individuals traverse the complexities of existence, these principles offer a timeless compass, urging us to prioritize virtue, embrace the natural order, and find equanimity in the face of life's inevitable challenges.
꘏ Theories & Doctrines ꘏
ত Logic (or Dialectic)
Purpose: To understand the nature of reality and distinguish between true and false impressions. Logic serves as a tool for rational inquiry and critical thinking, enabling individuals to navigate the complexities of the external world.
Reason is our tool to align with Logos.
ত Physics
Purpose: To comprehend the natural order of the universe.
The Stoic physics teaches that the cosmos is governed by a rational principle, identified as the Logos. This divine reason shapes the world, and everything within it unfolds in accordance with a predetermined and harmonious plan.
Be aligned with Nature & the Cosmos.
ত Ethics
Purpose: To guide individuals in living a virtuous life.
Virtue is the highest good and the sole intrinsic good. The cardinal virtues, aka practical or civic virtues, —wisdom, courage, justice, and temperance—are the foundation of ethical conduct.
Cultivate virtue as the highest good,
navigate life with rationality, and find tranquility
in accepting what is beyond your control.
ত Determinism and Fatalism
Doctrine: Stoicism posits a deterministic worldview, suggesting that everything unfolds according to the rational and predetermined order of the universe. Events are fated, and individuals are encouraged to accept their fate with equanimity.
Memento Mori & Amor Fati.
ত Apathy (Apatheia)
To achieve tranquility due to freedom from páthe (passions) .
Stoicism advocates emotional detachment from external events. Apathy does not imply a lack of emotion but rather a rational and measured response to situations, promoting inner peace and stability.
Apátheia is a state of Sages. Ataraxia is a ripple of being.
ত Indifferent Things
indifferent things in Stoicism are those that are neither good nor bad in themselves and are categorized as preferred or dispreferred indifferents based on their alignment with nature and their potential to be used in a virtuous or vicious manner.
The criteria for the categorization of things is their value for Aretḗ.
ত Social Virtue
Stoicism extends virtue beyond individual conduct, emphasizing fairness, kindness, and cooperation in interactions with others. Engaging in the well-being of the community is seen as an expression of virtue.
Ethical living, as a balanced being, is a Virtue.
ত Cosmopolitanism
Stoicism views all humans as part of a single, universal community. This perspective encourages a sense of shared humanity and interconnectedness. It enables an individual to comprehend his existence as part of the cosmic whole and fosters the sense of "being in Oneness".
All is intertwined in the Cosmic tapestry.
In summary, Stoicism combines logic, physics, and ethics to offer a comprehensive philosophical system. The emphasis on virtue, rationality, and acceptance of the natural order shapes Stoicism into a practical guide for leading a principled and meaningful life.
꘏ Ethics ꘏
Stoicism advocates the cultivation of virtue, considering it the highest good and the key to a meaningful life. The philosophy emphasizes on character development, the rational acceptance of the natural order, promoting an understanding of what is within individual control and what lies beyond it.
The ethical framework's pillars are : aretḗ (virtue), apatheia - ataraxia, freedom, nature, and sympatheia.
ত Aretḗ
{'Virtue', under the Stoic lens, will be explored in the #CosmicWisdomGr project. I will try to gradually map-out the entire metaprismatic field and depict its eso-logistics, besides devoting deep-dives into each virtue.}
Virtues are the actions performed by man in the context of the agreement of the inner god (daimon) with the universal will.
The value of virtue according to the Stoics consists in the fact that it is independent, autonomous and does not owe its existence to an external factor, to fear or to hope.
It is believed that virtue was divided by Chrysippus into three main categories
• "for impulse"
• "for good and bad"
• "for passion""For Impulse" is subdivided into "virtue" and the "purpose of the act".
"for Good & Bad" is subdivided into "primary value", "moral act" and "appropriate act" (duty). (Long, 2012:284, 292)
❈ Characteristics of Virtue : it can ensure happiness, it is teachable, it is irrevocable, it is arbitrary, and is acquired by free choice. The latter means that virtue is not bestowed by God on man but becomes his property when he chooses it freely.
The Stoics prioritize the 4 Cardinal Virtues as guiding principles for ethical conduct.
- φρόνησις, σοφρωσύνη, δικαιοσύνη, ανδρεία -
- phrónesis, sophrosýne, dikaiosýne, andreia -
- wisdom, temperance, justice, valor -
The cardinal Virtues as attributes of the Sage (Σοφός)
Phrónesis (wisdom/knowledge) , as a virtue related to the finding of duty, and the virtues subordinate to it are the virtues which make the wise man sinless.
Sophrosýne (temperance/prudence), as a virtue which helps to distinguish between reasonable and unwise impulses, and the virtues subordinate to it are the virtues which make the wise dispassionate.
Dikaiosýne (justice/fairness),
as a virtue that concerns the criticism of the situations of social life in accordance with natural law, and the virtues subordinate to it are the ones that make the wise man free.
Andreia (valor/bravery/courage), distinguishes real from apparent afflictions, and the virtues subordinate to it, are the virtues which render the wise man invulnerable.
ত Apátheia - Ataraxia {Απάθεια - Αταραξία}
Apátheia - to be free of pathe (passions); unhinged from vain desires, futile needs, Ego (own or of others).
Apátheia is a concept in Stoic philosophy that refers to a state of equanimity or tranquility achieved through the absence of passion or excessive emotion. It is often translated as "imperturbability" or "freedom from páthe". (páthe = passions)
In the Stoic worldview, emotions such as fear, desire, and pleasure are seen as disturbances that can interfere with rational thinking and virtuous action. In this context, Apatheia is a state of mind that enables individuals to navigate life with wisdom and virtue, regardless of external circumstances.
For the Stoics, cultivating Apátheia does not mean completely eliminating all emotions but rather achieving a balanced and rational response to external events. It involves recognizing that external events are not inherently good or bad, but our judgments about them can influence our emotional reactions.
By practicing reason and virtue, Stoics believed individuals could attain a sense of inner calm and resilience in the face of life's challenges.
ত Freedom {Ελευθερία}
Freedom, for the Stoics, is the individual act which does not violate the divine reason and the "intimate nature" of the being.
Freedom is defined as the rare spiritual state of the "Sage", which allows, through Knowledge, the serene acceptance of the inevitable even in the many cases where these are "unpleasant" to the finite self.
Paraphrasing Epictetus : Whoever wishes to be free from compulsion should limit his desires and aversions to things over which he has complete control.
A man's accord is not bound by anyone and is irrevocable and unhindered. The commission of good and evil and the benefit or harm of man are based in this, in an absolute way. Nothing can harm a Stoic, which does not depend on his will.
Chrysippus theoretically solved the problem of causal arbitrariness, making a distinction between the external stimulus (cause) and the impressions it causes on the human mind. [...] the approval of the action belongs to our authority, because our very nature determines our reaction to every external stimulus. [Long, 2012: 266-267]
ত Nature {Φύσις}
❝ Ηuman nature is part of universal nature, which is guided and governed by the universal law of Reason. Man, as a rational being, is related not only to other animals but also to the Gods and besides instinct he also has a moral sense.❞
"Nature" (from the verb "fyein", i.e. born) is defined as the Power and Principle within the World, which
• forms and creates all things (SVF 2, 937)
• gives in the World unity and cohesion (SVF 2, 549, 1211)
• it moves by itself and creates as a fiery spirit or technical fire (SVF 2, 1132 ff.)
• it manifests itself as Necessity and Desire (SVF 2, 913)
• manifested as Soul of the World, God, Providence, Creator, Right Reason (SVF 1, 158, 176, SVF 3, 323).
For Stoics, Reason is part of our nature.
Just as in the universe there is the Reason from which the world was created, in a similar way there is reason within us. The "en imin" discourse is part of the secular discourse. This formulation is not just a figure of speech, but expresses an essential identity. Both cosmic reason, the divine principle that created the universe and still pervades it, as well as "en imin" reason have a material constitution.
"Natural life" is ensured by the utilization of the "Logos",
i.e. the pyroid spirit which within human beings becomes the cause of
the consciousness of the relationship to oneself, others and the World
(which, in turn , manifests itself automatically as the ability to
think, plan, analyze and speak).
ত Sympátheia {Συμπάθεια}
According to the Stoic philosophers, there are two principles in the universe:
• an active one, the "who", which is god. which is identified with speech.
• and a passive force, "passion," which is unformed matter.
God. which they identify with Reason, is the creator of the world, and by acting on matter he forms the various beings that make up physical reality.
The relation of God or Reason to the universe is not transcendent; that is, he did not create the world, only to remain outside and beyond it. In contrast, the Stoic philosophers, proposing a pantheistic conception, asserted that God, Reason, permeates the entire world and becomes one with it, thus constituting the cohesive fabric of multiform nature, that force through which the cosmic system maintains its unity and its consistency.
Thanks to this power of the divine principle of speech, the "tone" as the Stoic philosophers call it, the universe from end to end is governed by the principle of Sympatheia, according to which worldly beings act upon one another.
Zeno was the first philosopher to treat duty (kathēkon)
as a central concern; our obligation to act appropriately in our given
roles in family and society, and it was no accident that as a
consequence he taught that we were obligated to participate in public
life until we are unable.
꘏ Metaphysics ꘏
Stoic physics included a wide range of topics, including ontology, cosmology, theology, and psychology.
'Nature' (phusis) encompasses everything, including things, phenomena, and events which in other worldviews might seem to be 'super-natural' in some way. They had a firm conception of how philosophy (more exactly, its discursive exposition or logos) is and should be divided; and their primary division (into logic, ethics, physics) did not provide any place for anything like 'metaphysics'.
However, some scholars argue that they had two "metaphysics." One is merely a part of physics, and the other is a study over and above their standard tripartition of philosophy.
The following metaphysical theories and principles were intertwined with the Stoic belief in a rational and ordered universe, guided by divine reason or logos, and the importance of understanding the natural order of the cosmos.
❈ Stoic Categories: These are the four-fold schema that explains the composition and constitution of things, such as the relation between a statue and its clay, or a fist and its underlying hand.
These four categories were used by Stoic philosophers to analyze and understand the world around them, as well as to develop their epistemological and metaphysical theories. They were not only a classification system but also a set of methodological principles that guided their philosophical inquiries.
Substance (Hypokeimenon): refers to the underlying matter or stuff that something is made of. It represents the physical aspect of an entity and is the foundation for its existence.
Quality (Poión): refers to the characteristics or attributes of an entity, such as its color, shape, or size. It represents the properties that define the nature of an object.
Disposition (Pôs 'Echon): refers to the inherent tendencies or propensities of an entity to act or behave in a certain way. It represents the potential actions or qualities that an object possesses.
Relative Disposition (Pros Ti Pôs 'Echon): refers to the relationships or connections between entities, such as the roles they play in the natural order of the cosmos or the dependencies they have on one another.
❈ Monism: Stoic physics is based on the belief that the cosmos is made of a single underlying substance, which is the source of all things and exists in various forms.
❈ Materialism: Stoics were materialists, believing that everything is composed of matter and that the cosmos is a self-supporting entity containing all that it needs.
❈ Dynamism: Stoic physics is also characterized by dynamism, which is the belief that the universe is in constant motion and that everything is interconnected.
❈ Rational and Ordered Universe: Stoics emphasize the concept of a rational and ordered universe, guided by divine reason or logos.
❈ Corporealism: Stoic corporealism goes beyond the dunamis proposal, which is simply an ontological criterion for being, to the metaphysics of body. This involves an account of body as metaphysically simple and hence fundamental, an account of body as malleable and continuous, hence fit for blending (krasis di’ holou) and composition.
❈ Determinism: Stoics embraced determinism, believing that there is a reason for everything in nature and that the course of events is fully realized within a many-dimensional network of interacting causes.
❈ Theology: Stoics often believed in a Creator/God, but not in the contemporary models. Sêneca says that the unshakable sage is akin to a God, which raises the question of how close the Stoic conception of "God" is to Deism.
In summary, Stoic metaphysics provides a backdrop for their ethical principles. The belief in a rational and ordered cosmos, determinism, and the acceptance of fate contribute to the Stoic emphasis on virtue, inner peace, and the pursuit of a life in harmony with nature and reason.
꘏ Context ꘏
ত Historical Context
Early Stoa (c. 300 BCE - 200 BCE) : The Early Stoa emerged in the post-Aristotelian philosophical landscape of ancient Greece, a period marked by the influence of Aristotle and diverse philosophical schools grappling with fundamental questions. Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism, drew from Cynicism and the Megarian school, incorporating elements of simplicity, self-sufficiency, and logic into Stoic doctrines.
The Hellenistic period, characterized by the spread of Greek culture, provided a backdrop for increased philosophical eclecticism. Stoicism, with its emphasis on personal virtue, arose during a time of political and social upheaval, offering individuals a philosophical framework to navigate the uncertainties of the era. The popularity of Stoicism grew under figures like Cleanthes and Chrysippus, establishing it as a major philosophical school.
Middle Stoa (c. 200 BCE - 1st century CE) : The Middle Stoa witnessed the further development and systematization of Stoic philosophy under Chrysippus. This period coincided with the rise of the Roman Republic and marked the spread of Stoicism beyond Greece. Stoicism's adaptability made it appealing to Romans, offering practical guidance in matters of ethics and governance. It became influential among the Roman elite, including statesmen like Cato the Younger.
The Middle Stoa also saw the consolidation of Stoic doctrines in areas such as logic, physics, and ethics, contributing to the enduring legacy of Stoicism in Western thought.
Late Stoa (1st century CE - 3rd century CE) : The Late Stoa unfolded during the Roman Imperial period, characterized by the Pax Romana. Stoicism continued to influence Roman philosophy and found adherents in prominent figures like the Emperor Marcus Aurelius.
The philosophy evolved in response to new challenges and questions, integrating insights from other philosophical traditions. While retaining its ethical emphasis, the Late Stoa engaged with diverse intellectual currents, including skepticism and the mystical aspects of Neoplatonism. Despite the eventual decline of the Roman Empire, Stoicism's influence endured, contributing to the philosophical foundations of later Western thought.
ত Comparison with Adversary
The greatest adversary of Stoicism in Ancient Greece was likely the Academic Skeptic school, led by philosophers such as Carneades. The Academic Skeptics doubted the possibility of achieving certain knowledge and challenged Stoic claims regarding the certainty of impressions and the existence of objective truths.
Epicureans and Stoics often engaged in philosophical debates and their views were compared and contrasted. While the Stoics believed in a rational and providential cosmos, the Epicureans emphasized the pursuit of pleasure and the absence of pain as the highest good.
Existentialist philosophers, such as Jean-Paul Sartre, have challenged Stoicism's determinism and its emphasis on accepting a preordained fate. Postmodernist thinkers, such as Michel Foucault, have questioned the Stoic emphasis on self-discipline and the pursuit of an objective moral order.
ত Influence on Later Philosophers
The Stoic emphasis on virtue, duty, and self-discipline resonated with the Roman ethos, leaving a lasting impact on Roman philosophy and political thought.
Stoicism also influenced early Christian thinkers, with parallels between Stoic and Christian virtues such as self-control, endurance, and humility. Some scholars argue that Stoicism played a role in shaping the moral and ethical framework of early Christianity, contributing to the synthesis of Hellenistic philosophy and Christian theology.
Stoic ideas persisted in medieval philosophy, especially through the works of thinkers like Boethius. The Stoic emphasis on reason, virtue, and the pursuit of an inner life aligned with certain themes in medieval thought, where philosophers sought to reconcile classical philosophy with Christian theology.
During the Renaissance, there was a revival of interest in classical philosophy, including Stoicism. Humanist scholars, such as Erasmus, found inspiration in Stoic writings, appreciating their ethical and practical guidance. Stoicism's emphasis on individual agency and rationality resonated with the humanist emphasis on human potential and dignity.
Enlightenment thinkers, including figures like René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, engaged with Stoic ideas. Stoicism's focus on reason, the pursuit of virtue, and the rejection of excessive emotions aligned with Enlightenment values of rationalism, individual autonomy, and the quest for a just and harmonious society.
In the 20th century, Stoicism experienced a resurgence of interest, particularly in the field of psychology. The principles of Stoicism, such as cognitive control, acceptance of what cannot be changed, and the pursuit of virtue, have been incorporated into cognitive-behavioral therapy, demonstrating the ongoing relevance of Stoic insights in addressing mental health issues.
The enduring influence of Stoicism across different historical periods reflects its adaptability and the universal appeal of its ethical and psychological teachings. Stoic ideas continue to inspire and resonate with individuals seeking guidance in navigating the challenges of life.
ত Influence on Western Thought
The influence of Stoicism on Western thought has been profound and pervasive, shaping various aspects of philosophy, ethics, and psychology.
ত Influence on Western Psychology [CBT]
Cognitive Restructuring : Stoicism emphasizes the role of cognitive control and rational thinking in managing emotions. This idea aligns with the cognitive restructuring techniques used in CBT. The Stoic practice of examining and challenging irrational beliefs and distorted thoughts has been integrated into CBT to help individuals develop healthier thought patterns.
Acceptance and Mindfulness : The Stoic principle of accepting what is beyond one's control and focusing on the present moment is reminiscent of mindfulness practices. CBT incorporates mindfulness techniques that draw on Stoic ideas, encouraging individuals to accept reality without unnecessary emotional reactions and to cultivate awareness of their thoughts and feelings.
Emotion Regulation : Stoicism offers a framework for understanding and regulating emotions. CBT draws on Stoic principles to help individuals identify and modify unhelpful emotional reactions. By examining and altering the underlying thoughts and beliefs that contribute to emotional distress, CBT aligns with the Stoic goal of achieving emotional well-being through rational self-examination.
Goal Setting and Values Clarification : Stoicism emphasizes living in accordance with one's values and virtues. CBT often involves goal setting and values clarification to guide individuals in making choices aligned with their long-term well-being. This reflects the Stoic focus on leading a purposeful and virtuous life.
Resilience and Coping Strategies : Stoicism's teachings on enduring hardships with equanimity and using challenges as opportunities for growth have influenced CBT's emphasis on building resilience and developing effective coping strategies. Both approaches encourage individuals to face difficulties with a rational and constructive mindset.
꘏ #CosmicWisdomGr ꘏
Stoicism's contribution to project's Four Pillars
ত Nature {human, Soul, Cosmic}
Stoicism encourages self-awareness, the understanding of own values, and the recognition of own strengths and weaknesses. Stoic writings are a never-ending source of meditations and material for contemplation, ready to be used and utilized by spiritual seekers, philosophers, and people of all statuses and interests.
By applying Stoic principles, such as the discipline of desire and the practice of mindfulness, you can explore and shape the nature of your 'self.' This involves aligning your actions with virtuous ideals and living in accordance with reason and nature.
Exploring the nature of the soul involves introspection and self-examination to attain a state of tranquility. By understanding your inner landscape, you can work towards cultivating a soul in harmony with Stoic virtues.
ত Virtues & Pathe
ত Balances & Harmony
ত Methexis
The term "methexis" is not explicitly discussed in traditional Stoic writings, and it isn't an apparent concept within Stoic philosophy, but it is 'applied' via their self-centered regulation and way of being within the cosmic order.
Their 'methexis' is the constant application of the philosophy's principles & values.
꘏
#CosmicWisdomGr • Stoics Articles
꘏
Theme ¶8 Articles :
Synthesis • "Hellenic Ontology of Psyche" .
#CosmicWisdomGr
A meta-ontological project with which i aim to enable & nurture Spiritual cultivation; to enhance our Minds with Wisdom of Cosmos & profound Truths of Reality, as discovered by Cosmic Consciousnesses of ancient Greece that explored Nature and unveiled it's elements and Essence.
With a constellation of philosophers that took wings up to the realm of Forms and Stoicism as the grounding node, we explore timeless wisdom and pursue spiritual cultivation.
❈ Visit the Project's Archway for an in depth understanding of the chosen philosophers' contributions to Spiritual Cultivation & ascent, or visit their respective thresholds and converge with their philosophies, core theories, ethics, metaphysics, and overall contribution to Episteme (aka Philosophy).
❈ Visit the Articles' Index for the posts of all philosophers, and their respective X • thread links [ ত ]
Although all information is essential, the
articles are written in a simple manner as to make it easy to comprehend
the theories & key-points, and create a ground-floor of
understanding for meditations & contemplating.
Intellectual Meditations
delve into the Essence of Universal Truths,
expand your mental horizons towards infinity,
and experience Cosmic Forms & Ideas.
Follow noetic trails that lead you to Cosmic horizons
& cultivate your Spirit via the path of Intellect.
Meditate on and Contemplate with,
concepts & theories, symbols & archetypes.
An intro guide is available here.
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